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အႏိႈင္းမဲ့ ခ်စ္ျခင္းေမတၱာေတြျပည့္၀ေနတဲ့

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နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ႏွင့္ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား၏ အနာဂါတ္ေရးရာ

ဗမာျပည္လြတ္လပ္ေရးမရခင္ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ားရဲ႕အခန္းက႑ဟာ အလြန္အေရးပါခဲ့ပါတယ္။ တုိင္းရင္းသား ျပည္နယ္ခုႏွစ္ျပည္နယ္ဟာ ဗမာျပည္နဲ႔ မပူးေပါင္းခင္တုန္းက ကုိယ့္ထီးကိုယ့္နန္းျဖင့္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္လာခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ဗမာျပည္
အဂၤလိပ္ကိုလိုနီလက္ေအာက္္ခံ က်ေရာက္ခ်ိန္ ကရင္နီ ျပည္နယ္ဟာ ဗမာျပည္ႏွင့္လည္းမပူးေပါင္း၊ အဂၤလိပ္၏ တိုက္ရုိက္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈေအာက္တြင္မရိွခဲ့ပဲ သီးျခားလြတ္လပ္တဲ့ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ျပည္နယ္အျဖစ္ သိသိသာသာရပ္တည္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္ေနာက္ပိုင္း ဗမာျပည္မွာ ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့တဲ့ အဂၤလိပ္၊ ဂ်ပန္ စစ္ပြဲမ်ားအတြင္း မတရားညွင္းပမ္း နိမ့္စက္မႈေအာက္မွ ရုန္းထြက္ၾကဖို႔ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ားရဲ႕ေမွ်ာ္မွန္းခ်က္နဲ႔ ယုံၾကည္ခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ အဖက္ဖက္ကေန ရန္သူကို တိုက္ခိုက္ေခ်မႈန္း ခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။

အဲဒီအခ်ိန္တုန္းကလည္း ဗမာျပည္လြတ္လပ္ေရး ရရိွဖို႔ဆိုတာ မလြယ္ကူ ခဲ့ပါဘူး။ ဘာျဖစ္လို႔လဲဆိုေတာ့ တိုင္းရင္းသားအားလုံးအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေနတဲ့ ျပည္နယ္တိုင္း ဗမာျပည္နဲ႔ပူးေပါင္းမွ British က လြတ္လပ္ေရးေပးမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲေတာ့ တစ္မ်ိဳးတဖုံျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ တုိင္းရင္းသားျပည္နယ္ ေတြကို ျပည္ေထာင္စုၾကီးတစ္ခုတည္းျဖစ္သြားေအာင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းက တိုင္းရင္းသားျပည္နယ္ အသီးသီးေတြကိုသြားၿပီးေတာ့ ျပည္သူလူထုရဲ႕ ဆႏၵကိုရယူဖို႔ စည္းရုံးေရးမ်ားဆင္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။

၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ ေပၚထြန္းလာေရးအတြက္ တိုင္းရင္းသားေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားနဲ႔ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ပင္လုံၿမိဳ႕မွာ သေဘာတူညီစာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ပင္လုံစာခ်ဳပ္ အေရးနဲ႕ပါတ္သက္ၿပီး တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕တိုင္းရင္းသား ေခါင္းေဆာင္အခ်င္းခ်င္းၾကား သေဘာထားကြဲလြဲမႈေတြလည္း ရိွခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ အဓိက သေဘာထားကြဲလြဲတဲ့ကိစၥကေတာ့ အျမင္မတူၾကသည့္အျပင္ မဟာဗမာလူမ်ိဳးၾကီး ေတြကို မယုံၾကည္တဲ့အတြက္ေၾကာင့္ပါပဲ။ ထ႔ိုအျပင္ ဗမာျပည္နဲ႔ေပါင္းစည္းဖို႔ သေဘာထားတင္းမာေနတဲ့ တုိင္းရင္းသားလူနည္းစုေတြကို ဖဆဖလ က စစ္ေရးနည္းနဲ႔ တိုက္ခိုက္ေခ်မႈန္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ယခင္လက ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့တဲ့စစ္အစိုးရနဲ႔ ကိုးကန္႔အေရးအခင္းေတြလိုပါပဲ။

ဗမာျပည္လြတ္လပ္ေရးရရိွဖို႔အတြက္ အားၾကိဳး မာတက္ ၾကိဳးပမ္းခဲ့တဲ့ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း ႏွင့္ အျခားေခါင္းေဆာင္ၾကီး ၈ ဦး မာတမာန္သူ ေသနတ္သမားမ်ား၏ လက္ခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ ၁၉၄၇ ခုႏွစ္ ဂ်ဴလိႈင္ ၁၉ ရက္ေန႔ အစည္းအေ၀းခန္းမမွာ လုပ္ၾကံသတ္ျဖတ္ ခံခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း လုပ္ၾကံခံအၿပီး မၾကာမွီ ၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္ ဇြန္န၀ါရီလ ၄ ရက္ေန႔မွာ ဗမာျပည္ကို British က လြတ္လပ္ေရး ေပးခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဗမာျပည္ကို British က လြတ္လပ္ေရး ေပးခဲ့ေသာ္ျငားလည္း တုိင္းျပည္တည္ၿငိမ္ေအးခ်မ္းမႈ ႏွင့္ လြတ္လပ္ေရး၏ အရသာကို မခံစားရေသးပဲ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္မီး တဟုန္ထိုးေပၚေပါက္လာခဲ့ပါတယ္။

ဘာေၾကာင့္ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္မီွးေမွာက္ထိုးလာရျခင္းရဲ႕ အေၾကာင္းရင္းက ပင္လိုစာခ်ဳပ္မခ်ဳပ္ဆိုခင္ကတည္းက တုိင္းရင္းသားေတြဟာ ကိုယ့္ျပည္နယ္ကို ကုိယ္ပိုင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့ၾကၿပီးသား၊ အဲေတာ့ ဗမာျပည္လြတ္လပ္ေရးရရိွဖို႔အတြက္ တုိင္းရင္းသားျပည္နယ္ေတြကို ဗမာျပည္ထဲတြန္းသြင္းဖို႕ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းရဲ႕ ဦးေဆာင္မႈေၾကာင့္ တိုင္းရင္းသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြ ယုံၾကည္ၿပီး လက္ခံသေဘာတူခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္းပဲ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းအပါအ၀င္ အာဇာနည္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ၈ ဦး လုပ္ၾကံသတ္ျဖတ္ၿပီးတဲ့ေနာက္ပိုင္း တုိင္းရင္းသားလူနည္းစုေတြဟာ အစိုးရ (ဗမာ) ကိုမယုံၾကည္ေတာ့ဘူး၊ ဖဆဖလ ကလည္းပင္လုံစာခ်ဳပ္ကို အေလးလည္းမထား၊ ဂရုလည္းမစိုက္ ေတာ့ဘူး။ ဒါေၾကာင့္မို႕လို႔ တုိင္းရင္းသားေတြဟာ လက္နက္ျပန္စြဲကိုင္ၿပီးေတာ့ ပကတိအတိုင္း ကုိယ့္ျပည္ နယ္ကိုယ္ပုိင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခြင့္ရရိွေရးအတြက္ ျပန္လည္ေတာင္းဆိုၾကတယ္။

သို႔ေသာ္လည္းပဲ ဖဆဖလ တြင္ဟာ တုိင္းရင္းသားလူနည္းစုေတြရဲ႕ အခြင့္အေရးကို ညာသာမႈမရိွပဲ တိုင္းရင္းသားျပည္နယ္ေတြကို အသီးသီးလြမ္းမိုးအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္တဲ့မူကို စြဲကိုင္ထားၿပီး ပုန္ကန္သူေတြကို တိုက္ခိုက္ေခ်မႈန္းေသာနည္းဗ်ဴဟာျဖင့္ ယေန႔ထိ က်င့္သုံးေနဆဲပါပဲ။ ထိုနည္းတူ ၂၀၀၈ ခုနစ္ကတည္းက စစ္အစိုးရစိတ္ၾကိဳက္ေရးဆြဲထားတဲ့ အေျခခံဥပေဒသစ္ေတြကိုလည္း မတရားအတည္ျပဳခဲ့ၿပီးပါၿပီ။

ႏုိင္ငံတစ္ႏုိင္ငံမွာ အစိုးရတပ္မေတာ္တစ္ခု တည္းပဲရိွရမယ္ စစ္အစိုးရက ေျပာတယ္မဟုတ္လား။
ဒါေၾကာင့္မို႔ ၂၀၁၀ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲမတုိင္ခင္မွာ အပစ္အခတ္ရပ္စဲေရးယူထားတဲ့ တုိင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႔တြင္ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ သို႕မဟုတ္ ျပည္သူ႔စစ္အျဖစ္ တပ္အသြင္ကူးေျပာင္းကုန္မွာျဖစ္တယ္။ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ သေဘာတူထားတဲ့ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္အဖြဲတြင္ရိွသလို ျငင္းဆန္ေနတဲ့အဖြဲလည္း ရိွေနပါတယ္။ မူအားျဖင့္ သေဘာတူထားတဲ့ အပစ္ရပ္အဖြဲ႔တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ရိွေသာ္လည္း အဖြဲ႔အစည္းအတြင္း သေဘာထားကြဲလြဲမႈေတြလည္း ရိွေနၾကျပန္ ပါတယ္။ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ တပ္ရင္း ၁ ရင္းလွ်င္ ၃၂၆ ေယာက္ျဖင့္ ဖြဲစည္းမွာျဖစ္ၿပီး ၎ တပ္ရင္း ၁ ရင္းလွ်င္ စစ္အစိုးရအရာရိွ ၃၅ ေယာက္ ပါ၀င္ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္အဖြဲ႔ေတြကို ဘာေၾကာင့္ စစ္အစိုးရရဲ႕ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈေအာက္မွာ ထားၿပီးေတာ့ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္အျဖစ္ ေျပာင္းလဲဖြဲ႕စည္းခိုင္းရတာလဲ ဆိုတာ တခ်ိဳ႕က ေ၀ဖန္သုံးသပ္ၾကမွာပါ။ စစ္အစုိးရရဲ႕ လႈပ့္ေဆာ္ခ်က္ဟာ က်ေနာ့္ရဲ႕အျမင္နည္းနည္းေလး ေ၀ဖန္သုံးသပ္ခ်င္ပါတယ္။ စစ္အစိုးရရဲ႕ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ကေတာ့ တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကုိင္ အဖြဲ႔အစည္း ေတြအားလုံးပေပ်ာက္သြားေအာင္ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္အျဖစ္ တပ္အသြင္ေျပာင္းခိုင္းတာျဖစ္တယ္။ ဒါဟာ စစ္အစိုးရရဲ႕နည္းဗ်ဴဟာ တစ္ခုတည္းေတာ့မဟုတ္ပါဘူး...အမ်ားၾကီးရိွႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ အမွန္ေတာ့ နယ္ျခား ေစာင့္တပ္ဆိုတာ စစ္အစိုးရ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ၾကီးေတြရဲ႕လုံၿခဳံေရးအတြက္ အိမ္ေစာင့္ေပးေနသလိုပါပဲ။

စစ္အစိုးရက တိုင္းရင္းသားတပ္ေတြအားလုံး တျဖည္းျဖည္းပေပ်ာက္သြားေအာင္ (သို႕) အားနည္းလာေအာင္ အႏုနည္းျဖင့္အကြက္ဆင္ေနတာျဖစ္တယ္။ အိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏုိင္ငံနဲ႔ နယ္စပ္အျငင္းပြား ျဖစ္ရင္လည္း နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ခံ တိုင္းရင္းသားေတြပဲ အထိနာမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဘာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ တကယ္လို႔ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ ျဖစ္သြားၿပီဆိုပါေတာ့ တုိင္းရင္းသားေတြဟာ သူတို႔ရဲ႕တပ္ရင္းအင္အား ထပ္မံတုိးခ်ဲလို႔ ရႏုိင္မလား၊ မရဘူးလား.. တခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္က်ရင္ ကိုယ့္ျပည္နယ္ကိုယ္ပိုင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခြင့္ရရိွေရးအတြက္ ေတာင္းဆိုလို႔ရပါ့မလား…ေတာင္းဆိုဖို႔အခြင့္အေရးရိွပါ့မလား..ေတာင္းဆိုလည္း အစိုးရက ေပးမလား စသည္ျဖင့္ေပါ့ေလ။

နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ တာ၀န္ယူေနတဲ့အခါမွာ ကိုယ့္ျပည္နယ္ ေဒသဖံြ႔ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္ေရး အတြက္ အစိုးရကဘယ္ေလာက္အတုိင္းအတာတစ္ခုထိ အခြင့္အေရးေပးမလဲ။ ျပည္သူလူထုအတြက္ အက်ိဴးရိွပါ့မလား စသည္ျဖင့္ ၾကိဳျမင္ထားဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ စစ္အစိုးရက တိုင္းရင္းသားစီးပြားေရး လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္ တျဖည္းျဖည္းကန္႔သတ္ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ယ္လာေတာ့မယ္ဆိုရင္ အဖြဲ႔အစည္း ဆက္လက္ရွင္သန္ႏုိင္ ေတာ့မွာမဟုတ္သလို႔ ျပည္သူလူထုအတြက္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏုိင္ေတာ့မွာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။

ဒါေပမဲ့ စစ္အစိုးရရဲ႕ ဖဲထုတ္ေသြဖယ္မႈကို မေရွာင္ၾကည္ၾကပါဘူး။ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕လက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းေတြ ကို္ယ့္ျပည္နယ္ ေဒသ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳး တိုးတက္ေရးနဲ႕ အမ်ိဳးသားအက်ိဳးစီးပြားအတြက္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကတာ သိပ့္မရိွလိုဘူး.. အခ်င္းခ်င္းအာဏာလုၾကၿပီးေတာ့ ကိုယ္က်ိဳးစီးပြားပဲ အာရုံစိုက္လုပ္ကိုင္ေနၾကပါတယ္။ ကိုယ္က်ိဴးစီးပြား ေၾကာင့္ ျပည္သူလူထုပဲ ဒုကၡေရာက္ေစပါတယ္။ အမ်ိဳးသားေရးအတြက္မဟုတ္ပဲ မတရားအေသးအမႊား အဖြဲ႕အစည္းငယ္ေတြ မ်ားလာေလေလ ျပည္သူလူထု ဒုကၡပိုရေလေလပဲ။
တကယ္လို႔ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္ တုိင္းရင္းသားေတြ သူတို႔တပ္သားသစ္မစုေဆာင္းေတာ့ဘူး သို႔မဟုတ္ စစ္မွဴးထမ္းေဟာင္းေနရာမွာ လူအသစ္အစားမထိုးႏုိင္တဲ့အခါက်ရင္ တုိင္းရင္းသားတပ္အင္အား တျဖည္းျဖည္းနဲ႔ က်ဆင္းသြားမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီခ်ိန္ သူတို႔ေနရာမွာ စစ္အစိုးရပ္တပ္ေတြ တျဖည္းျဖည္းအစားထိုးေနရာယူလာမွာ ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ ေနာက္ဆုံး တုိင္းရင္းသားတပ္မ်ားတင္မက အဖြဲ႕အစည္းေပ်ာက္ကြယ္သြားသည္အထိ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာႏုိင္မယ္လို႔ သုံးသပ္မိပါတယ္။

စည္းကမ္းျပည့္၀တဲ့ ဒီမိုကေရစီလမ္းစဥ္သို႔ စစ္အစိုးရ မၾကာခဏေၾကြးေၾကာ္ ေနတယ္မဟုတ္လား။ ဒါေပမဲ့ လက္ရိွျမန္မာျပည္မွာ ဒီမိုကေရစီ တကယ္လိုအပ္ေန တယ္ဆိုၿပီးေတာ့ သြားေအာ္တဲ့လူတုိင္း ဖမ္းဆီးၿပီးေထာင္ခ်ျပန္ပါတယ္။ သူတို႔ကိုဖမ္းၿပီးေတာ့ ဘာျဖစ္လို႕ ၁၅ ႏွစ္၊ ၂၀ ႏွစ္၊ ၃၅ ႏွစ္၊ ၆၅ ႏွစ္၊ ၁၀၀ ႏွစ္ ပုဒ္မ၊ နံပါတ္ေတြတပ္ၿပီးေတာ့ ငရဲ႕ခန္းထဲကို ပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေနပါသလဲ။ အဲဒါ ဒီမိုကေရစီလမ္းစဥ္လား၊ ငရဲခန္းလား.. ကိုယ့္ပုဆိုးကိုနင္းၿပီး ကိုယ့္ဥပေဒကိုခ်ိဳးေဖာက္၊ ျပည္သူကို မတရားဖမ္းဆီးခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ေနပါတယ္။

ဘာပဲေျပာေျပာ လုပ္စရာရိွတာဆက္လုပ္ၾက၊ လာမည့္ ၂၀၁၀ စစ္အစိုးရရဲ႕ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲဟာ လြတ္လပ္ၿပီးတရားမွ်တတဲ့ဒီမိုကေရစီေရြးေကာက္ပြဲ႔က်င္းပဖို႕ အလြန္ အေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။ စစ္အစိုးရက ဒီမိုကေရစီအမွန္တကယ္လိုလားမယ္ဆိုရင္ ဖမ္းဆီးခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ထားတဲ့ ဒီမိုကေရစီေခါင္းေဆာင္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္နဲ႕ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအက်ဥ္းသားအားလုံးေတြကို မျဖစ္မေန လြတ္ေပးရမယ္။ အကယ္၍ မလႊတ္ေပးဘူးဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ဒါဟာဒီမိုကေရစီနည္းလမ္းမဟုတ္ဘူး၊ ဘာျဖစ္လို႔ မလႊတ္ေပးလည္းဆိုေတာ့ စစ္အစိုးရဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေတြ အဓိကသူတို႕အာဏာဆက္လက္ထိန္းခ်ဴပ္ခ်င္တယ္။

ဗမာျပည္ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲဖို႔ လက္ရိွအာဏာႏွစ္ခုကၿပိဳင္ေနပါတယ္။ ပထမတစ္ခ်က္ကေတာ့ သိတဲ့အတိုင္း ျပည္သူလူထုေတြ အၿမဲတေစ့ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ေနတဲ့ဗမာျပည္ ဒီမိုကေရစီလမ္းစဥ္ အျမန္ဆုံးျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲဖို႕ပါပဲ။ ေနာက္တစ္ခ်က္က လက္ရိွစစ္ဏာရွင္ပါပဲ။ ၂၀၁၀ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲၿပီးေနာက္ပိုင္း တကယ္လို႕လက္ရိွ စစ္အစိုးရပဲ အာဏာဆက္လက္ဆုပ္ကိုင္ထားမယ္ဆိုရင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီအစစ္အမွန္က်င့္သုံးမွာ မဟုတ္ဘူးလို႔ ယုံၾကည္မိပါတယ္။

တကယ္လို႔သာ စစ္အစိုးရက ေနာက္ထပ္တက္လာမဲ့ အစိုးရသစ္ကို အာဏာလြဲအပ္ေပး ရင္ေတာ့ ဗမာျပည္ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေကာင္း ေျပာင္းလဲလာႏိုင္တယ္။ မည္သို႔ပင္ျဖစ္ေစ… ေနာက္ဆုံးအေနနဲ႔ အဓိကေျပာၾကားလိုတာက ဗမာျပည္မွာ မိမိျပည္နယ္အျဖစ္ မွီတင္းေနထုိင္ၾကတဲ့ တုိင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ိဴးစုမ်ား အားလုံး တန္းတူအခြင့္အေရးရရိွေရးအတြက္ ဇြဲမေလွ်ာ့ပဲ ရဲ႕ရဲ႕ရင့္ရင့္ေတာင္းဆိုၾကပါလို႔ တိုက္တြန္းရင္း ႏႈိး ေဆာ္အပ္ပါသည္။

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ျပန္ေခါက္ရန္...

တတိယႏုိင္ငံႏွင့္ အေမရိကေရာက္ ကရင္နီဒုကၡသည္တစ္ဦး

လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ ၂၀၀၇ ခုႏွစ္မွစၿပီးေတာ့ UNHCR ရဲ႕သေဘာတူညီခ်က္အရ တတိယႏုိင္ငံသို႕ သြားေရာက္အခ် လုိၾကတဲ့ ကရင္နီမိသားစု၀င္တြင္ ေထာင္ေသာင္းနဲ႕ခ်ီၿပီး ဒုကၡသည္စခန္းထဲမွာ အေျခစိုက္တဲ့ ကုလသမဂၢ မဟာမင္းၾကီးရုံးကိုသြားၿပီးေတာ့ ေလွ်ာက္လႊာသြားျဖည့္ၾကပါတယ္။ တတိယႏုိင္ငံသို႕သြားေရာက္အေျခခ် ႏုိင္ဖို႕ဆိုရင္OPE ႏွစ္ေခါက္ေလာက္ အင္တာဗ်ဴး ၀င္ရပါတယ္။ ၿပီးေတာ့ DHX ကို အင္တာဗ်ဴးဆက္၀င္ရတယ္။ DHX ဆိုတာက က်န္းမားေရးေကာင္းမေကာင္း စစ္ေဆးတာျဖစ္တယ္၊ ေသြးစစ္တယ္၊ ဓါတ္မွန္ရိုက္တယ္။ ထင္ရွားတဲ့ေရာဂါလကၡဏာ တစ္ခုခုေတြ႕ရင္ေတာ့ အနည္းဆုံး ၃ လေလာက္ ေစာင့္ရပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ TB အဆုပ္ေရာဂါေ၀ဒနာရွင္တြင္ မသြားခင္ ေရာဂါေပ်ာက္ကင္းေစတဲ့ ေဆး၀ါးတြင္ကို ေသာက္ရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အမ်ားအျပားေလွ်ာက္ၾကတယ္၊ ဒါေပမယ့္ အင္တာဗ်ဴးမေအာင္ျမင္တဲ့သူေတြလည္း ရိွပါတယ္။ ကရင္နီဒုကၡသည္အေျခခ်ေနတဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံမ်ားမွာ ဖင္လန္၊ နယူးဇီလန္၊ ဆြီဒင္၊ ေနာ္၀င္း၊ ၾသစေၾတးလွ်၊ ကာေနဒါ နဲ႕ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ တို႕ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။ ကရင္နီဒုကၡသည္အမ်ားစု သြားေရာက္ အေျခခ်တဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံကေတာ့ အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သို႕ေသာ္လည္းပဲ အေမရိကသို႕ သြားေရာက္ အေျခခ်ၾကတဲ့ ကရင္နီမိသားစု၀င္တခ်ိဳ႕မွာ အခက္အခဲမ်ားနဲ႕ ၾကဳံေတြ႕ေနရတယ္လို႕ သိရပါတယ္။ အဓိက ရင္ဆိုင္ၾကဳံေတြ႕ေနရတဲ့ အခက္အခဲမ်ားကေတာ့ ဘာသာစကားနဲ့ အလုပ္ကြာျခားမႈေၾကာင့္ပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီကိစၥနဲ႕ပါတ္သက္ၿပီးေတာ့ အေမရိကန္မွာ ေရာက္ေနတဲ့ က်ေနာ့္ရဲ႕ မိတ္ေဆြတစ္ေယာက္ကိုဆက္သြယ္ေမး ျမန္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူက အခုလိုေျပာပါတယ္ ̏ ခိရယ္ဆိုတဲ့ ကရင္နီလူမ်ိဳးတစ္ေယာက္က အေမရိကမွာေရာက္တာ ၃ လေလာက္ပဲရိွပါေသးတယ္၊ သူ႕ကိုအသားခုတ္စက္ရုံမွာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခိုင္းတယ္၊ သူက အသားခုတ္စက္ရုံမွာ ၃ ရက္ပဲ လုပ္ႏုိင္တယ္၊ သူဆက္ၿပီး မလုပ္ခ်င္ဘူး၊ ဘာျဖစ္လို႕လဲဆိုေတာ့ သူမလုပ္ႏုိင္ဘူး၊ တအားပင္ပန္းတယ္လို႕ေျပာတယ္၊ အဲေတာ့ သူ႕အလုပ္ရွင္ကိုသြားေတာင္းပန္တယ္״။ အေမရိကန္ေရာက္ရင္ အလုပ္လုပ္မွစားရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဘာျဖစ္လို႕လည္းဆိုေတာ့ အိမ္လခ ဘာတို႕ညာတို႕ ေစ်းၾကီးလုိ႕ပါ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္မို႕လို႕ အေမရိကန္ေရာက္ခ်င္ရင္ ပညာတတ္ထားမွ ပိုအဆင္ေျပမွာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ ပညာတတ္ဖို႕လိုတယ္ ဆိုတာက အဂၤလိပ္ဘာသာစကားကို အေျခခံေလာက္ ေျပာတတ္ဆိုတတ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ နည္းနည္းေလးေတာ့ အဆင္ေျပမွာေပါ့။ ဘယ္ႏုိင္ငံကိုပဲေရာက္ေရာက္..သိဖို႕က”nothing is free in the world”. ပါပဲ။

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ျပန္ေခါက္ရန္...

ကယန္းလူငယ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ သုံးဦး ဖမ္းဆီးထိန္းသိမ္းထားျခင္းသည္ ကရင္နီတိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ိဳးဆက္သစ္လူငယ္္မ်ားကို ၿခိမ္းေျခာက္ေန...

ျပည္ေထာင္စုမၿပိဳကြဲေရးဟု စစ္အစိုးရအၿမဲသုံးေနက် စကားလုံးသည္

အေပၚရံအားျဖင့္ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ စစ္အစိုးရအာဏာ တည္ၿမဲေရးကိုေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း အမ်ားျပည္သူအာ ရုံစြဲလာေအာင္ၿခိမ္းေျခာက္သည့္ အေခၚအေ၀ၚတစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ပုန္ကန္မႈ၊ တရားမ၀င္အသင္းဖြဲ႕စည္းမႈႏွင့္ ျပည္ပရိွ တရား မ၀င္အသင္းအဖြဲ႕နဲ႕ဆက္သြယ္ျခင္း အမႈျဖင့္ လိြဳင္ေကာင္ေထာင္ထဲတြင္ ဖမ္းဆီးထိန္းသိမ္းခံထားရေသာ ကာယန္းလူငယ္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ သုံးဦးျဖစ္တဲ့..ခြန္ဘီးဒူ ေတာင္ငူေထာင္၊ ဒီးဒီကို မႏၱေလးေထာင္ ႏွင့္ ေကေကာရီယိုကို မိတီၳလာေထာင္ေတြဆီ ဇြန္လိုင္လ ၄ ရက္ေန႕ေတြ ေျပာင္းေရႊ႕ထိန္းသိမ္းထားသည္ဟု ၾကားသိရသည္။ ၎စစ္အစိုးရ၏ လုပ္ရပ္သည္ ကရင္နီတုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ိဳးဆက္သစ္လူငယ္မ်ားကို ၿခိမ္းေျခာက္ေန ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ယေန႕ေခတ္လူငယ္မ်ား အေတြးအေခၚျမင့္မားလာသည္ႏွင့္အမွ် တိုင္းရင္းသားလူငယ္မ်ား ၏ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္ မႈကို စစ္အစိုးရးမႏွစ္သက္၍ ဤကဲ့သို႕ ဖမ္းဆီးထိန္းသိမ္းထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ မူ၀ါဒသည္ တုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား၏စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္မႈကိုၿဖိဳခြဲေရး ႏွင့္ နယ္ေျမစိုးမိုးေရးကိုသာ အဓိက ထား၍ ဤကဲ့သို႕ လက္နက္မဲ့ျပည္သူ မၾကာခဏၿခိမ္းေျခာက္ခံေနရျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။

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ျပန္ေခါက္ရန္...

ကရင္နီအပစ္ရပ္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား လုံၿခဳံေရးအတြက္ အင္အားစုမည္

ကရင္နီ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္စဲေရးအဖြဲ႕ ေခါင္းေဆာင္တို႔၏ လံုၿခံဳေရးသည္ စုိးရိမ္ရသည့္ အေျခေနတြင္ ရွိေနသည္ဟု ဆုိၿပီး ၄င္းတုိ႔ကို ကရင္နီျပည္ လြိဳင္ေကာ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ စုစည္း ေနထုိင္ခိုင္းၿပီး လံုၿခံဳေရးတာဝန္ကို စစ္တပ္မွ ကာကြယ္ ေပးမည္ဟု

အပစ္ရပ္အဖြဲ႔ဝင္တဦးက ထုတ္္ေဖာ္ေျပာၾကားခ်က္အရ သိရပါသည္္။
ကရင္နီ အပစ္ရပ္အဖြဲ႕ထဲမွ အင္အားအမ်ားဆံုးျဖစ္သည့့္ ကရင္နီ လူမ်ိဳးေပါင္းစံု ျပည္သူ႕လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္ဦး (ကလလတ) အဖြဲ႔သည္ ၿပီးခဲဲသည့့္ မတ္လေလာက္တြင္ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္အျဖစ္ လက္ခံလုိက္ၿပီးသည့္ ေနာက္ပုိင္းတြင္ အပစ္ရပ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား၏ လံုၿခံဳေရး စုိးရိမ္စရာ ျဖစ္ေနသည့္ သတင္းမ်ား ထြက္ေပၚလာပါသည္္။

ကရင္နီ အပစ္ရပ္အဖြဲ႕ဝင္တဦးက “ လက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႕ရဲ့ လူႀကီးတုိင္းကို လြိဳင္ေကာ္မွာေနဖို႕နဲ႔ လံုၿခံဳေရးကို ကာကြယ္ေပးမယ္လုိ႔ ေျပာေနတယ္။ အဓိက ေကအဲန္ပီပီကိုေရာ ေၾကာက္တာနဲ႕ စစ္တပ္ကိုလည္း မယံုတာ ျဖစ္ေနတယ္” ဟုေျပာပါသည္။

အပစ္ရပ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ပုိင္းမ်ား ေနထိုင္းဖို႔ရန္အတြက္ လြိဳင္ေကာ္ၿမိဳ႕အျပင္ ျမန္မာျပည္အထက္ပိုင္းျဖစ္သည့္ ရန္ကုန္၊ မႏၱေလးႏွင့္ စစ္ကိုင္းေဒသမ်ားမွာလည္း အိမ္မ်ား ေဆာက္ခုိင္းၿပီး ေနထုိင္ခြင့္ေပးထားပါသည္။

ကရင္နီျပည္ရွိ လက္နက္ကိုင္အပစ္ရပ္အဖြဲ႕မ်ား အေနျဖင့္ စစ္အစိုးရကို ျပန္လည္ တုိက္ခုိက္မႈမ်ား မျပဳလုပ္ႏိုင္ရန္ အတြက္ ယခုလုိ အပစ္ရပ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား၏ ငယ္သား မ်ားႏွင့္ တကြဲတျပားစီ ရွိရန္ စစ္တပ္က လံုၿခံဳေရးကို အေၾကာင္းျပၿပီး ဖန္တီးေနျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္ဟု ကရင္နီအမ်ိဳးသား တုိးတက္ေရးပါတီ ဥကၠဌ ခူထဲဘူးဖဲက ေျပာပါသည္။

“ရွင္းရွင္းေျပာရရင္ ကရင္နီျပည္မွာ ထြန္းေက်ာ္(ကလလတေခါင္းေဆာင္)ကို ရန္ကုန္မွာသြားထားလုိက္မယ္ဆုိရင္ လြိဳင္ေကာ္မွာ က်န္ေနတဲ့ သူ႔တျပည့္ေတြ ဘာမွလုပ္လုိ႕ရမွာမဟုတ္ဘူး၊ ဒါေၾကာင့္ သူတုိ႕ရဲ့ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းဟာ အလုိလုိနဲ႔ပ်က္သြားမယ္” ဟုေျပာသြားပါသည္။

ကလလတအပါအဝင္ စစ္အစိုးရႏွင့္ အပစ္ရပ္ယူထားသည့္ အဖြဲ႕မ်ားမွာ ကရင္နီ အမ်ိဳးသားဒီမုိကရက္ပါတီ (ေကအဲန္ဒီပီ) ၊ ကရင္နီေသြးစည္း ညီညြတ္ေရးအဖြဲ႕ (ေကအဲန္အက္စ္အို)၊ ကရင္နီအမ်ိဳးသားတုိးတက္ေရးပါတီ (ေကအဲန္ပီပီ-ဟုိယာအဖြဲ)ႏွင့္ ကယန္းျပည္သစ္ပါတီ( ေအအဲန္အယ္လ္ပီ)အဖြဲ႕မ်ား ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

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HIV/ AIDS disease rapidly grows up in Burma

I consistently hear about the news that’s happening in Burma today. It is definitely known that after Nagis Cyclone hit Irrawaddy deta, hundred thousands of people were faced difficulty and caused starvation among the Nagis victim areas. At that time, everything was scared for every people such as accommodation needs, food and money so on. So that, some Nagis victim survival, especially adult’s people (women) sold their body

to the securities at night. As a result, you can mention in accordance to the Nagis victim survival that who extremely faced difficulty of daily life during that time.
Not only for those reasons, is it already caused among the whole country since many years. I am sure that more people could be affected by HIV/ AIDS disease because of life changing without moderation, people dignities are consequently seemed to be increased of poverty. Burma is a poor country you may recognize by yourself. To provide a family is very difficult & heavy for most people because it is not easy to access a job and find money.
You may notice today many people are suffering for accommodation needs such as food, money, job, land (shelter) and fields. The following things are very hard and scarce for many people to complete their daily lodging. So some poor ladies are looking for money to have sex without protection. Even though you have to educate them about how to protect against the disease infection, some people won’t care. Perhaps, this can separate rapidly among the society. The person who do not protect, we can recognize them as HIV/AIDS producers.
On the other hand, most adults’ people today they’re copying model styles and want to enjoy their life and love to have fun. Doing such as hair coloring or styles and wearing model clothes what’s up, they want to be sexy and attract people to pay attention. But this progress is very awful for the next generation.
Anyhow, despite you educate people how to prevent HIV/ AIDS infection, some people will listen, remind and respect, but some will pretend to listen or don’t care. Half of your movement would be very valuable and effective to many people.
Why HIV/AIDS separates among the society is “MONEY power” & “POVERTY”

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ကိုယ္က်ိဳးစီးပြားမၾကည့္ပဲ..အမ်ားအတြက္အက်ိဳးေဆာင္ပါ..

ကရင္နီျပည္ လူမ်ိဳးေပါင္းစုံျပည္သူ႕လြႊတ္ေျမွာက္ေရးတပ္ေခၚ (က.လ.လ.တ)သည္ ၁၉၉၄ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ စစ္အစုိးရ ႏွင့္ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ယူခဲ့သည္။ ယေန႕ထိ ၁၅ ႏွစ္ၾကာ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ယူထားေသာ္လည္း ျပည္တြင္း တြင္ တစုံတရာ ျဖစ္ေပၚတိုးတက္မႈမရိွပဲ စစ္အစုိးရ၏ မတရားအခြန္ေကာက္ယူမႈ၊ လယ္ယာမ်ားသိမ္းဆီးမႈ၊ အတင္းအဓၶမ အလုပ္ေစခုိင္းမႈ စသည့္ လူ႕အခြင့္အေရးခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈမ်ား ေန႕စဥ္အနည္းနဲ႕အမ်ား ျပည္သူလူထု အခက္ၾကဳံေတြ႕ေနရဆဲျဖစ္သည္။ ကရင္နီျပည္ ေဒသတြင္းအသီးသီး ဖြ႕ံၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္လာေစေရးအတြက္ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ယူထားေသာ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ အခြင့္ေကာင္းယူၿပီး မိမိတို႕၏ ျပည္သူလူထုအတြက္ အမ်ားအက်ိဳး ေဆာင္ေပးရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ကိုယ္က်ိဳး စီးပြားမရွာပဲ မိမိတိုင္းျပည္ကိုခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏိုးသကဲ့သို႕ ကရင္နီျပည္သူတစ္ရပ္လုံး၏ ဘ၀လုံၿခဳံမႈအတြက္ ႏွင့္ အနာဂါတ္ ကရင္နီျပည္တည္တံ့ခိုင္မာလာေစ ေရးအတြက္ ေစတနာအ၀အ၀ႏွင့္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါသည္။
စစ္အစုိးရ၏ ၂၀၁၀ တရား၀င္ေရြးေကာက္ပဲြျဖစ္ေျမာက္ေရးအတြက္ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ယူထားေသာ တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္ အဖြဲအစည္းမ်ားအားလုံး ၎တို႕၏ တပ္သားမ်ားကို နယ္ျခားေစာင့္အျဖစ္ အသြင္းကူးေျပာင္းေရး ႏွင့္ မိမိ တို႕၏ ပါတီကိုထူေထာင္ၿပီး တရာ၀င္ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲသို႕ ၀င္ေရာက္ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္ ရာ ကမ္းလွမ္းေနပါသည္။ ၎ကိစၥႏွင့္ပါတ္သက္ၿပီး.. ကရင္နီျပည္တြင္း စစ္အစိုးရႏွင့္ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ယူထားေသာ ကရင္နီလူမ်ိဳးေပါင္းစုံ ျပည္သူ႕လြတ္ေျမွာက္ေရးတပ္ (က.လ.လ.တ) သည္ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ ကမ္းလွမ္းခ်က္ကို သေဘာတူ လက္ခံလိုက္ၿပီဟု သတင္းၾကားသိရပါသည္။
ထိုသို႕ နယ္ျခားေစာင့္တပ္အျဖင့္ အသြင္ကူးေျပာင္းလာပါက.. ကရင္နီျပည္သူလူထုတစ္ရပ္လုံး၏ ..ေရရွည္အက်ိဳးစီးပြားအတြက္ ဘာမ်ားျဖစ္ေပၚလာမလဲ…ဘာမ်ားလုပ္ေပးႏိုင္မလဲ အခြင့္အေရးပိုၿပီး ရလာမွာလား..တိုင္းျပည္ပိုၿပီးဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္လာမွာလား သို႕မဟုတ္ ပိုက်ပ္တည္းလာမွာလား…စသည္ျဖင့္ ၾကိဳမသိႏုိင္တဲ့ ကံၾကမၼာဆိုးေတြ အလြန္စိတ္မခ်မ္းျမင့္ဖြယ္ရာမ်ား ျဖစ္ေနပါသည္။ မည္သို႕ပင္ျဖစ္ေစ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ ဖြဲစည္းပုံေအာက္ေတြ ေနခ်ိန္အတြင္း ရသမွ်အခြင့္အေရးကို အသုံးခ်ၿပီး ..အမိကရင္နီျပည္ တုိးတက္ေကာင္းမြန္လာေစေရးအတြက္ အမ်ားအတြက္အက်ိဳးေဆာင္ေစလိုပါေၾကာင္း……..

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ကရင္နီမ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုက...ဘယ္သူေတြလဲ.....

ျမန္မာျပည္သည္ ျပည္နယ္ခုႏွစ္ျပည္နယ္ရိွသည့္အနက္ ကရင္နီ(ကယား) ျပည္နယ္သည္အေသးငယ္ဆုံး ႏွင့္ လူဦးေရအနည္း ဆုံးျပည္နယ္တစ္ျပည္နယ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ျပည္နယ္၏ ပထ၀ီအေနအထားအရ ေသးငယ္ေသာ္လည္း ထင္ရွားေသာ မ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုေပါင္းစုံျဖင့္ စုစည္းထားေသာ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ျပည္နယ္ျဖစ္သည္ကို သိသိသာသာ ေတြ႕ရိွရပါ သည္။ ၎ျပည္နယ္ထဲတြင္ ေနထိုင္ၾကေသာ ကရင္နီ မ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုမ်ားမွာ Karenni (kayah), Geko(Gaykho), Geba (Gaybar), Padaung/Kayan, Bres, Manu-Manaus (Manumanao), Yintale, Yinbaw, Bwe, Paku (Karen) Shan ႏွင့္ Pa-O မ်ားတို႕ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။ သို႕ေသာ္ Shan ႏွင့္ Pa-O လူမ်ိဳးစုမ်ားသည္ ၁၈ ရာစုႏွစ္ေနာက္ပိုင္း ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္ကိုယ္လိုနီ၏ အတင္းအဓမၼအခြန္ေကာက္ခံမွဳ ဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ ကရင္နီျပည္နယ္ထဲသို႕ ထြက္ေျပးေရာက္ရိွလာေသာ လူမ်ိဳးစုမ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ကရင္နီလူမ်ိဳးစုမ်ားသည္ ဘိုးဘြားဘီေဘမ်ိဳးရိုးဆန္ဆန္ျဖင့္ ေခတ္ေဟာင္းဆန္ေသာ ယဥ္ေက်းမွဳ၀တ္စုံမ်ား ဓံေလ့ထုံးတမ္းအစဥ္းအလာ မ်ားရိွၾကၿပီး အျခားလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားႏွင့္မတူ တမူထူးဆန္းေနပါသည္။ အင္တာနက္ေပၚမွ တခ်ိဳ႕တင္ထားေသာ ကရင္နီ မ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုဓါတ္ပုံႏွင့္တကြ သတင္းမွတ္တမ္းမ်ား မွားယြင္းစြာေဖာ္ျပထားသည္ကို ေတြ႕ရိွရပါသည္။ ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ ကရင္နီမ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုမ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ကယန္း(ပေဒါင္)၊ ကရင္နီ(ကယား) မ်ားတို႕၏ ဓါတ္ပုံမ်ားကို ကရင္ လူမ်ိဳးမ်ားဟု ေရးသားေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။ ၎ဓါတ္ပုံႏွင့္ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားသည္ ကရင္နီမိခင္အဖြဲ အစည္းမ်ားတင္ထားေသာပုံမဟုတ္ပဲ ႏိုင္ငံျခားခရီးသြားမ်ားမွ ၎တို႕ကုိယ္တုိင္မွတ္တမ္းတင္ထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ၎ မွားယြင္းေသာ သတင္းမွတ္တမ္းမ်ားသည္ လူမ်ိဳးစု၏ ဂုဏ္သိကၡာ ႏွင့္ ယဥ္းေက်းမွဳမ်ားကို ထိခိုက္ေစၿပီး သမိုင္းအဆက္ဆက္အမွားအယြင္းမ်ားသာမက မ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ ျခင္း ျပႆနာမ်ား ျဖစ္လာႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ကရင္နီမ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုမ်ားအား တင္ျပခ်င္ပါသည္။

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နင္ေပ်ာ္မယ္ဆိုရင္
နင့္ထီးေလးဖယ္လိုက္ပါ...
နင္မိုးလို႕ထင္ေနတာ
ငါ့မ်က္ရည္ေတြပါ . . .

ငါ့ႏွလံုးသားေျမခမွ
နင္ေက်နပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္
နင္ေျခေထာက္ကို ေရႊ႕လိုက္ပါ...
နင္နင္းေခ်ထားတာ
ငါ့ႏွလံုးသားပါ . . .

ငါ့မာနခ၀ါခ်မွ
နင္ျပန္ခ်စ္မယ္ဆိုရင္
နင္ေခါင္းေလးအသာ ငံု႕လိုက္ပါ...
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In Brief of Karenni History

Karenni is a religious and ethnically diverse territory. The following groups are mentioned in the 1983 census: Kayah, Geko (Gaykho), Geba (Gaybar), Padaung/Kayan, Bres, Manu-Manaus (Manumanao), Yintale, Yinbaw, Bwe, Paku (Karen), Shan and Pao. Other ethnic, though non-native groups living in the state are: Kachin, Chin, Burmese, Mon, Rakhine, Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Nepalese. The main ethnic tribes can be classified under the heading ?Karen?. It is believed that the Karen migrated from Mongolia in about B.C. 2015, moving south towards Karenni where they finally settled in the Demawso area around

739 BC. From 739 BC until the 17th century AD communities within Karenni States were ruled over by elected leaders. In the 18th century, troops from one of the feudal states in Yun intruded into Karenni State, but the Karenni people united to repel these invaders. In the 18th century Poe Bya Da was elected as chief of the whole Karenni. Buok Poe Du (Pah Paw Gyi) established Sao Lon City on the east of the Pon River and ruled East Karenni. At that time, Karenni was divided into five sub-states, namely Eastern Karenni Kantarawadi, and Western Karenni, made up of Kyebogyi, Bawlake, Nanmakhon, and Naung Pale. Each state was ruled by its own chief after Poe Bya Da passed away. In 1809, the Eastern Karenni Chief Buok Poe Du (Pah Paw Gyi) signed a permanent Friendship Agreement with the Kingdom of Chiang Mai. In 1810 the ruler of the Burmese district of Yamethin attacked Karenni and occupied Mobye and Sakoi. In 1820, a Burmese ruler assigned Kan Hlaing to administer the occupied areas of Mobye and Sakoi. In 1823, Karenni troops regained control of Mobye and Sakoi. The population of Mobye banished Kan Hlaing. In 1826 Karenni chief Kay Poe Du (from Kyeh Poe Gyi) sent an emissary to Moulmein, the chief town of British Burma, in order to establish a diplomatic relationship with the British. In 1835, the Burmese king's troops attacked Karenni, but Karenni forces expelled them. In 1835, the British government sent an emissary to Karenni to demand that the Karenni chief allow their trade mission to pass through Karenni territory in order to trade with China. In 1837 a British official, Dr. Richardson, came to Karenni and met with Pah Paw Gyi between 2-4 Februarysohe could gain access to the China border. On 5 February 1837 Karenni troops led by Pah Paw Gyi marched and attacked Burmese troops, which were stationed at Mobye.
In 1845, the Burmese ruler of Inn Wa appointed Khun Sa to command the Burmese troops and attack Karenni forces in Mobye and Sakoi. The Burmese troops retreated and Khun Sa himself was captured by Karenni troops at Htee Taw Ku near Moso. Karenni forces killed and buried Khun Sa in Htee Paw Ku Lake. In 1885, the British government sent an emissary to Karenni chief Kay Poe Du in order to demarcate the boundary between Karenni and Toungoo (east of the Sittaung River), which had recently been occupied by the British. In 1857, British government representative Mr. O' Riley visited Karenni chief Kay Poe Du to set up an official relationship between the Karenni and the British. In the same year, the British representative Lord Dalhousie recognized Karenni independence. In 1862, Sawpja Kay Poe Du sent an emissary to the British government in Moulmein. In 1863 a signed Contract of Friendship was drawn up in Kyenphogyi between Mr E O�Rilay, Deputy British Commissioner of Toungoo, and Khun/Kwi Tee and Khun/Kwi Thyah sons of Sawphya Khaipodu of Western Karenni In 1868, Karenni chief Sawpja Khaipodu passed away. His two sons, Khwi Tee and Khwi Thjar, jointly succeeded him. In 1869, Sawpja Khwi Tee and Khwi Thjar sent another emissary to Moulmein to renew the alliance agreement with the British government. In March 1875, the viceroy of British-India sent a mission to the Burmese King Mindon in Mandalay to effect a settlement of the Karenni question and obtains the recognition of the independence and sovereignty of Karenni State. Behind this request was a desire to prevent the Burmese gaining access to Karenni�s rich teak forests. On 21st of June 1875, an agreement was signed between the Burmese and the British recognising the independence of the four western Karenni states: �It is hereby agreed between the British and Burmese Government that the State of Western Karenee shall remain separate and independent, and that no sovereignty or governing authority of any description shall be claimed or exercised over that State.� The agreement was signed by the two missions, with His Excellency the Kinwoon Mingyi, Minister for Foreign Affairs, signing on the part of His Majesty King Mindon of Burma; and the Honorable Sir Douglas Forsyth, C.B., K.C.S.I., Envoy, signing on the part of His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor General of India.

As part of the agreement, after the signing a British officer, A.H. Hildebrand, demarcated the boundary between Western Karenni and Burmese territory in 1976. Subsequently the Burmese troops stationed on the Karenni border area were withdrawn in 1877. Therefore, Karenni nationalists define their National Day as June 21.

In 1880, a British official reached the Karenni border on his tour of southern Shan State and invited East Karenni chief Sawpja Sao Lapaw to have a meeting with him. However, Sawpja Sao Lapaw declined the invitation. As a result British troops seized Mauk Mai district and appointed their subordinated chief Sawbwa Khun Mon to administer Mauk Mai.
In March 1888, Eastern Karenni chief Sawpja Sao Lapaw's troops re-captured Mauk Mai and expelled Khun Mon. On May 2nd 1888, the British official Colonel James George Scott and Lt. Fawlah came to Mauk Mai with 150 troops. On May 16 1888, the British mission re-instated Khun Mon as Sawbwa and returned to Moe Nai on July 1st. On July 3, 1888, Eastern Karenni troops attacked Mauk Mai again. On July 13, 1888, Eastern Karenni chief Sawpja Sao Lapaw wrote a letter to the British commander asking him to withdraw his troops from Mauk Mai. At the end of July 1888, British officials submitted the Mauk Mai problem to the British government in India. In August 1888, due to several attacks on Mauk Mai, the British government demanded that the Eastern Karenni chief agree to the following points: -Loyalty to the British Crown -To pay 200,000 rupees as war indemnity -To handover 500 swords -To pay an annual fee of 5,000 rupees Mr. Hildebrand sent this letter to Sawpja Sao Lapaw on November 16, 1888. However Sao Lapaw refused to comply with the demands. On December 9, 1888 British troops led by Colonel Harvey marched from Papon to attack Karenni from the south. However, on hearing the news the Karenni chief sent his troops to attack British troops at Kyauk Nyat, and burned down their camp before the British troops reached Karenni. On December 29, 1888, the British General H. Colette C.B and Mr Hildebrand led 500 British troops from Sakar to Loikaw in order to occupy the Eastern Karenni capital of Saw Lon. On January 1st, 1889, a battle took place at Nahn Kyai near Loikaw between Karenni and British troops. Over 150 of Sao Lapaw's men and four British troops were killed and a further eight men wounded in the gunfight.

On January 8, 1889, British troops captured Saw Lon. Sao Lapaw escaped to Manmu east of his capital near the Salween River, and 8 months later he died of diarrhea. Sao Lapaw's cousin Wei Reh (Sao Lawei) surrendered to British troops on January 20, 1889. On January 29, 1889, the British government appointed 38 year old Sao Lawei as Mayor (Myoza) of Saw Lon.

In January 1892 the four Western Chiefs, who had hitherto been nominally independent, were formally recognized as feudatories by the Government of India, and at a meeting held at Bawlake on the 23th January of that year, they were each presented with sanads appointing them Myozas. On January 24, 1892, the British government celebrated the Darbar festival in Loikaw and enacted the Sanad Act in Eastern Karenni.

Evidence indicating Karenni�s historical independence:

(1) In 1826 there was an exchange of diplomatic emissaries between the Karenni and the British governments. (2) In 1835 the British government asked permission from a Karenni chief to pass through Karenni territory to trade with China. (3) In 1855 the British government sent diplomats to Karenni on the matter of boundary demarcation between Karenni and British Burma. (4) There was an official relationship between the Karenni and the British. In 1857, the British representative Mr. O' Riley came to Karenni and signed an alliance agreement with Karenni chief Kay Poe Du. In the same year, the British representative Lord Dalhousie recognized Karenni�s independence. (5) In 1863 Mr. O' Riley came to Karenni and signed a Contract of Friendship between Britain and the sons of the chief of Western Karenni. (6) On June 21, 1875 representatives of the Viceroy of India andthe Burmese king signed an agreement recognizing Karenni�s independence in the presence of Karenni chief Sawpja Khwi Tee. (7) On 29th of January 1889 the British administration officer superintendent Heldy Brand assigned Sao Lawei as Mayor (Myoza) of Eastern Karenni and reviewed the rules on the assignment paper, which applied to Eastern Karenni. (8) On October 19, 1892, the Foreign Affairs Department of the British-India Government issued Notification No. 1920-E, which, together with Notification 83-1165-Int of the Foreign and Political Department dated January 16, 1923, state that Karenni does not form a part of British India, and is not subject to the laws in force in the Shan States or other parts of Upper or Lower Burma, therefore a British subject could not be prosecuted in Karenni state. (10) 1935 Government of India Act provides for Burma to be a separate country from India. 1936: Legislative Council elections, led to formation of Burmese government led by Ba Maw, under Government of Burma Act of 1935. 1 April 1937: Formal separation of Burma from India. The new Burmese administration had 91 departments. The Karenni States remained independent and were not subject to that administration.

Note: As the British government monopolized Karenni's economic sector, they applied the Sanad Act to Eastern Karenni on January 24, 1892. The Sanads contained 12 conditions, imposing the payment of tribute and conditions to protect the economic interests of the British, such as keeping open trade routes, keeping law and order, trade restrictions and bans on communicating with states outside British India. These were all one sided conditions of benefit only to the British. PART TWO: WORLD WAR II (Japanese occupation era)

In 1942 after the Japanese took control of Burma, Shan and Karenni, the Japanese Field Marshall Shozokawabi and the Burmese puppet government Prime Minister Dr. Ba Maw signed an agreement, written in both Japanese and Burmese regarding the relationship between Burma, Shan and Karenni. In order to expel Japanese troops from Karenni, the Kandarawaddy chief Sao Wonna, Kyeh Poe Gyi chief Saw Shwe, Bawlake chief Gobi Turee and Mobye chief Thaik Ba Han recruited about 2,000 men and cooperated with British Allied Forces Battalion No. 136. By the end of August 1945 the battles were ended. The Kayan National leader, Thaing Ba Han, was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British Allies because of his principles and military support. The Karenni troops were also awarded a shield by Battalion 136 to thank them for their help in beating the Japanese. On the shield the inscription read: �We honour a nation who we did not colonize and we'll remember them from sunset until sun rise�. PART THREE: BETWEEN 1945 AND 1948

On September 1, 1945, the British government sent Major Graham, then Karenni and Gilbert Grasu to Loikaw to be C.A.O in Karenni. At that time, political and administrative powers were in the hands of the 5 Karenni Sawphyas, who formed Council of Sawphyas to discuss and agree on matters concerning all the Karenni states. After the Second World War, due to the gradual change in the political climate, Karenni people chose new leaders from each state to lead the Karenni administration: Saw Shwe from Kyeh Poe Gyi, Sao Lawei and Sao Wonna from Kantarawaddi, U Bi Turee from North Bawlake and Thaik Ba Han from Mobye.

In February 1946, Shan Sawbwas invited Karenni chiefs to participate in the Panlong Conference to discuss the future of the Frontier States. However, because of Karenni's stance of independence, no Karenni representative attended the conference. In the same year, the Secretary of the Frontier Areas Administrative Board, Mr. H Stevenson, arrived at Loikaw and met with Karenni leaders, Gobi Turee from Bawlake, Saw Shwe from Kyeh Poe Gyi, Thaik Ba Han from Mobye, and Sao Shwe Hon and Saw Thein from Kantarawaddy to discuss the future of Karenni State after Burma became independent. On February 25, 1946 the Karenni National Organization and the Cooperative Association were formed. Gobi Turee was elected as President of the KNO and U Sein elected as Chairman of the Cooperative Association.
In March 1946 Thakin Nu, U Pe Khin and Mahn Ba Khaing, leaders of Anti-Fascist and People Freedom League (AFPFL) from Burma, came to Loikaw to lobby Karenni people to accept incorporation with future Burma. However, no Karenni leader attended the meeting.
On March 31, 1946, Mr Leech, the Commissioner of Taungyi, Shan States, invited Karenni leaders to a meeting with the Shan Sawbwas and Kachin Duwahs to discuss Karenni joining with them in the Frontier Areas Administrative Board. Sawpja Sao Lawei, Sao Zeina and people's representative U Ba Thaung from Kantarawaddy, Sawpja Saw Shwe and people's representative A Mya Lay from Kyeh Poe Gyi, Sawpja Sao Ngae Du and people's representative Lwizi from Bawlake, and Thaik Ba Han from Mobye attended the meeting. At the meeting, Karenni chiefs refused to join the FAAB, because of Karenni's independent status.

On April 3, 1946, a conference was held. It was agreed to form a Karenni-Padaung Council consisting of 16 members: one chief's representative and three people's representatives from each state must be included. The main tasks assigned to the council were to draft laws and regulations for the whole of Karenni State. On April 24, 1946, a Karenni delegation left for Rangoon to study the British-Burma Canvass for Votes program as observers, to study the political situation in British � Burma and to seek channels of communication. Sao Zeina, Sao Lawei, U Sein, U Ba Thaung, Saw Thein, and Ko Nyein from Kantarawaddy, Saw Shwe, A Mya Lay, and Maung Poe from Kyeh Poe Gyi, Gobi Turee, and Lwizi from Bawlake, and Thaik Ba Han and Saw Bikawah from Mobye were in the delegation. The delegation first visited Taungoo on April 26 and met with Saw John D. Poemin, the Karen MP. They were invited to observe the Karen National Organization meeting. The delegation then went on to Rangoon and met with Burmese General Aung San on April 30. Saw Shwe and Saw Thein met with Frontier Areas Administrative Board Secretary Mr. Stevenson at the Secretariat office. Mr. Stevenson told them that it was not necessary for the British to receive the Karenni delegation at this time, because the Burmese had already welcomed them as their guests.

On September 11, 1946, United Karenni Independent States Council was formed as the governing body and elected Gobi Turee as chairman, declaring Bawlake, Kyepogyi and Katarawaddy as Free states. On December 23, 1946, General Aung San, president of the AFPLF, visited Loikaw and delivered a political speech to induce the Karenni people to accept the accession of the Karenni States into the proposed Union of Burma. This was one of various attempts to seduce the Karenni. At the same time the British were lobbying the Karenni to join the Frontier Areas. In the beginning of 1947, Karenni people celebrated the Karenni New Year in Loikaw and hoisted the three stars Karenni flag at Loikaw football stadium.

No Karenni representative attended the Panlong Conference, which was held on February 12, 1947. This was because they feared it would compromise their independent sovereign status to attend. In April 1947 a meeting was held at which Karenni leaders decided not to accept the accession of Karenni States into Burma. A resolution was adapted to safe guard the independence and sovereignty of the Karenni States. On 14th April 1947 a Karenni and Mobye delegation met the inquiry commission of D.R. Rees William, MP, in Maymyo, Northern Shan States, after which they presented a petition containing 10 statements declaring the will of the the Karenni people. Gobi Turee and Shwe Lay from Bawlake, Thaik Ba Han and Paulu from Mobye, Saw Shwe and A Mya Lay from Kyeh Poe Gyi, Sao Lawei, U Sein, Ba Thaung, and J. Grasu from Kantarawaddy were in the mission. However, the British delegation dismissed the demands. On June 9, 1947, the Legislature (Constituent Assembly) was held in Rangoon, but no Karenni representative attended the meeting. However at the meeting the Karenni States were included as part of Burma in the new constitution. There was one concession: the 1947 Constitution granted the Kachin, Karenni and Shan a certain amount of autonomy in their own ethnic states and the right to cession from the Union of Burma after ten years. This pledge has never been honoured. On realizing the inclusion of Karenni into Burma, Mobye representative Thaik Ba Han, who was at the meeting, immediately rushed back to Karenni and informed the Karenni leaders of this news, while Karenni leaders were holding a meeting at Moso. On June 20, 1947, Karenni representatives Gobi Turee and Saw Thein met with the British governor-general in Rangoon. On June 26 Gobi Turee and Saw Thein issued a statement with regard to whether to incorporate with Burma or not upon their returning from Rangoon. On hearing the news about the new constitution, the Karenni leaders called an emergency meeting and assigned U Sein, Sao Wonna, A Mya Lay and Thaik Than Tin to go Rangoon to protest against the inclusion of Karenni in the Union of Burma's new constitution. This delegation went down to Rangoon in September 1947. However, instead of protesting about the new constitution, they were lured by AFPFL leaders to accept bribes and cooperate with them. Without the consent of the Karenni government and people, the delegation accepted the bribes and agreed to cooperate with Burma. They only objected to Chapter 9, Part 4, Article 180(1) (a), which said the Karenni, must be a special region in the planned new Karen State. Hearing this, Karenni leaders issued a statement dissolving the delegation immediately. In November 1947, the Burmese AFPFL leaders sent their military police into Karenni and equipped the traitors and their followers with arms. Karenni leaders wrote a letter to U Nu, leader of the AFPLF, protesting against military police being sent into Karenni without the permission of Karenni government and people. Karenni people and students gathered in Loikaw and demonstrated, showing their objection to the Burmese military presence. The 4 collaborators then set up a rival government. In November 1947 Karenni National Organization was formed in order to support the United Karenni Independence States Council (UKISC) politically.
The Karenni States is the name formerly given to the three states of Kantarawadi (3,161 square miles (8,187 km²), pop (1931) 30,677), Kyebogyi (790 square miles (2,046.1 km²), pop (1931) 14,282) and Bawlake (568 square miles (1,471.1 km²), pop (1931) 13,802), located south of the Federated Shan States and east of British Burma. The British government recognized and guaranteed the independence of the Karenni States in an 1875 treaty with Burmese King Mindon Min, by which both parties recognized the area as belonging neither to Burma nor to Great Britain. Consequently, the Karenni States were never fully incorporated into British Burma. The Karenni States were recognized as tributary to British Burma in 1892, when their rulers agreed to accept a stipend from the British government. In the 1930s, the Mawchi Mine in Bawlake was the most important source of tungsten in the world. The Constitution of the Union of Burma in 1947 proclaimed that the three Karenni States be amalgamated into a single constituent state of the union, called Karenni State. It also provided for the possibility of secession from the Union after 10 years. In 1952, the former Shan state of Mong Pai was added, and the whole renamed Kayah State, possibly with the intent of driving a wedge between the Karenni and the Karen, both of whom were by now fighting for independence.
The first language for all these groups is their own individual mother tongue, but the Kayah (Karenni) language is widely spoken as a language of unity, though the teaching of ethnic languages is forbidden in schools. A script was developed for the Kayah language in 1962. It was invented by Hteh Bu Peh just after he graduated and he started teaching it secretly in Loikow in 1963. Amongst those who have some state education Burmese is also spoken. Whilst the majority Burmans are Theravada Buddhists, in the ethnic states Christianity and animism predominate. While some have retained the traditional Kay Tyoboe religion, many of the Karenni are Baptists or Roman Catholics, though traditional pre-Christianity festivals and practices still unite the community at festival time. Religion is another factor, which has caused resentment between the ethnic groups and the generals who run Burma using a muddle of Buddhist, military and Marxist principles. Christianity arrived in Karenni via the Baptists in the 1860s and the Italian “Missioni Estere di Milano” (PIME) who made their first trips into Karenni in 1877.
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) established in 1955 by Saw Mah Rew; political organisation of the Karenni, an ethnic group living in the Kayah State in Burma; they want to re-establish the right of independence which was written in the constitution of 1947; during the sixties of the 20th century they nearly controlled the whole Kayah State; because of internal conflicts, splittings and new attacks by the SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council), after renouncing the 1995 cease-fire (verbal) agreement, they lost territory; now still active with a force of about 1,000 men at the border of Burma and Thailand; member of the UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation).

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The Second Times of Karenni Resettlement Program

Around 2009 this year, thousands of Karenni minority ethnic groups will be started immigration and seeking their new life to settle in the United States and some will move different parts. In 2006-07, there were about 700 of Karenni people or more had already applied and reached to different countries for resettlement program already. Now if we total two camps of Karenni population together, there are not more than 25,000 people, regarding to the UNHCR annual reports. Moreover, it would be the second times of life changing for those Karenni people to move for resettlement program. Approximately, at least ten thousands of Karenni people will move different parts for the resettlement program....

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သံလြင္အေရွဘက္ျခမ္းတြင္ သစ္ထုတ္လုပ္ရနွ္ SPDC ႏွင့္ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ KNPLF ၾကိဳးပမ္းေန

ကရင္နီ (ကယား)ျပည္နယ္အတြင္း စစ္အစိုးရ ႏွင့္ အပစ္ခတ္ရပ္ ယူထားေသာ အဖြဲအစည္းတစ္ဖြဲျဖစ္သည့္ ကရင္နီ ျပည္လူမ်ိဳးေပါင္းစုံ ျပည္သူ႕လြတ္ေျမွာက္ေရးတပ္ ( KNPLF ) ေခၚ ယင္းအဖြဲအစည္းသည္ စစ္အစိုးရ ႏွင့္ ပူးေပါင္းၿပီး ကရင္နီျပည္အေရွ႕ဘက္ျခမ္းမွ ထြက္ရိွေသာ သစ္မာ(ကြ်န္း၊ ပစ္ကတုန္း) စသည္ျဖင့္သစ္မ်ားကို ထုတ္ၿပီး အိမ္နီးခ်င္းျဖစ္သည့္ ထိုင္းကို တင္ပို႕ေရာင္းခ်သြားမည္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သတင္းၾကားသိရပါသည္။ ၄င္းသစ္မ်ား တင္ပို႕ ေရာင္းခ်ႏိုင္ရန္ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ မယ္ေဟာင္ေဆာင္ ခရိုင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးမွူးမ်ားႏွင့္ တုိင္ပင္ ေဆြးေႏြးၿပီး ျဖစ္သည္။ သို႕ေသာ္ (KNPP)ကရင္နီအမ်ိဳးသားတိုးတက္ေရးပါတီ၏ ခြင့္ျပဳခ်က္မရရိွပဲ..သစ္မ်ားကို တင္ပို႕ေရာင္းခ်ပါက မတရားေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္ တင္ပို႕ေရာင္းခ်ႏိုင္သည္ဟု KNPP အၾကီးအကဲမ်ားက သုံးသပ္ေျပာဆိုသြား ပါသည္။ ၎သစ္မ်ားတင္ပို႕ေရာင္းခ်ႏိုင္ရန္ သံလြင္အေရွ႕ဘက္ျခမ္းေဒသတစ္ေလွ်ာက္၌ truck ကားၾကီးမ်ား စတင္ေရာက္ရိွေနၿပီျဖစ္သကဲ့သို႕ သစ္မ်ားကိုလည္း အလုံးလိုက္ အပုံလိုက္ စတင္ခုတ္လွဲေနၿပီဟု ကရင္နီ သဘာ၀ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးအဖြဲမ်ားက ထုတ္ေဖာ္ေျပာဆိုသြား ပါသည္။

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